启蒙的算法：斯威夫特的写作机器与知识共同体The Algorithm of the Enlightenment:Jonathan Swift's Writing Machine and the Knowledge Community
王冬青
摘要(Abstract)：
斯威夫特笔下的写作机器代表了启蒙时代对知识生产和知识共同体的想象，凝聚了社会对人类语言、心智和理性走向“机器化”的困惑和焦虑。斯威夫特小说《格列佛游记》中的“造句机”体现了启蒙时代书写技术的深刻变化。本文聚焦启蒙时期关于写作的话语和技术变迁，从三个维度进行剖析:一是思想层面，启蒙时代对普遍语言的追寻蕴含的“语言机器化”观念;二是技术层面，程序化的创作算法导致的知识危机和意义危机;三是社会层面，自动化知识生产对知识共同体的重构。在此基础上，本文剖析语言生成的早期谱系，审视写作机器对人类主体性的冲击，揭示思想与技术共同演化的进程:智能既有赖于符号系统和物质媒介，更需要在知识共同体的对话中成长。
关键词(KeyWords)： 启蒙运动;写作机器;人工智能;知识共同体
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金一般项目“启蒙时代英国文学的科学话语研究”(25BWW040)
作者(Author): 王冬青
参考文献(References)：
- (1)Italo Calvino,The Literature Machine,Patrick Creagh,trans.,London:Vintage Press,1997,p. 22．
- (1)参见Tita Chico,The Experimental Imagination:Literary Knowledge and Science in the British Enlightenment. Stanford:Stanford University Press,2018．
- (2)参见Kristin M. Girten,Aaron R. Hanlon,eds.,British Literature and Technology,1600-1830 ,Lewisburg:Bucknell University Press,pp. 5-7．
- (3)参见Michel Foucault,The Order of Things:An Archaeology of the Human Sciences,Alan Sheridan,trans.,New York:Vintage Books,1994．
- (1)参见程林:《1770年的“人造智能”——从仿人智能事件到霍夫曼、比尔斯的早期机器人叙事》，《自然辩证法通讯》2023年第5期，第8—17页。
- (2)参见朱恬骅:《制造诗歌机器:文本生成的诗学》，《文艺论坛》2024年第6期，第73页。
- (3)参见N. Katherine Hayles,How We Became Posthuman:Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics,Literature,and Informatics,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp. 4-5．
- (4)参见Vilém Flusser,Does Writing Have a Future? Nancy Ann Roth,trans.,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2011,pp. 7-8．
- (5)参见Vilém Flusser,Does Writing Have a Future? pp. 6,8．
- (6)参见David W. Bates,An Artificial History of Natural Intelligence:Thinking with Machines from Descartes to the Digital Age,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2024,pp. 73,113．
- (1)参见Gregory Lynall,Swift and Science:The Satire,Politics,and Theology of Natural Knowledge,1690-1730.Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,p. 90．
- (2)参见Douglas Lane Patey，“Swift’s Satire on‘Science’and the Structure of Gulliver’s Travels”,ELH,1991(58):810．
- (3)Jonathan Swift,Gulliver’s Travels,Claude Rawson,ed.,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005,p. 171．
- (1)撒马纳扎的伪作在启蒙时代的欧洲引发轰动和争论，其中对食人族的讨论启发了斯威夫特的政论小册子《温和的建议》对英国压迫爱尔兰的讽刺。
- (2)参见童庆生:《汉语的意义》，北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店，2019年，第117页。
- (3)Jonathan Swift,Gulliver’s Travels,p. 172．
- (4)参见Michel Foucault,The Order of Things:An Archaeology of the Human Sciences,Alan Sheridan,trans.,New York:Vintage Books,1994,pp. 85-86．
- (1)参见Michel Foucault,The Order of Thing,pp. 82,88．
- (2)Jonathan Swift,Gulliver’s Travels,p. 171．
- (3)参见Michel Foucault,The Order of Things:An Archaeology of the Human Sciences,p. 112．
- (4)参见Michel Foucault,The Order of Things:An Archaeology of the Human Sciences,p. 233．
- (5)John Peter,Artificial Versifying,or the Schoolboys Recreation:A New Way to Make Latin Verses,London,1677,p. 3．
- (6)John Peter,Artificial Versifying,or the Schoolboys Recreation:A New Way to Make Latin Verses,p. 1．
- (1)参见Amos Funkenstein,Theology and the Scientific Imagination from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1986,pp. 315-317．
- (2)参见Zachary M. Mann，“Gulliver’s Travels,Automation,and the Reckoning Author”,in Kristin M. Girten,Aaron R. Hanlon,eds.,British Literature and Technology,1600-1830,Lewisburg:Bucknell University Press,p. 68．
- (3)参见John Peter,Artificial Versifying,or the Schoolboys Recreation:A New Way to Make Latin Verses,pp. 11-18．
- (4)Jonathan Swift,Gulliver’s Travels,p. 172．
- (5)1711年，《作诗法》的书评在《旁观者》杂志发表，斯威夫特曾为杂志撰稿。
- (6)参见Matthew L. Jones,Reckoning with Matter:Calculating Machines,Innovation,and Thinking about Thinking from Pascal to Babbage,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2016,pp. 13-43,56-76．
- (7)参见Zachary M. Mann，“Gulliver’s Travels,Automation,and the Reckoning Author”,p. 66．
- (1)参见Zachary M. Mann，“Gulliver’s Travels,Automation,and the Reckoning Author”,p. 64．
- (2)Jonathan Swift,Gulliver’s Travels,p. 171．
- (3)Jonathan Swift，“A Tritical Essay Upon the Faculties of the Mind”,in Valerie Rumbold,ed.,Parodies,Hoaxes,Mock Treatises:Polite Conversation,Directions to Servants and Other Works,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013,p. 18．
- (4)参见John Boyle,Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift,London,1752,p. 134．
- (1)Jonathan Swift，“A Tritical Essay Upon the Faculties of the Mind”,p. 251．
- (2)参见Jonathan Swift,A Tale of a Tub and Other Stories,Angus Ross,David Woolley,eds.,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986,p. 112．
- (3)参见Jonathan Swift,A Tale of a Tub and Other Stories,p. 112．
- (4)Jonathan Swift,Gulliver’s Travels,p. 172．
- (5)参见Zachary M. Mann，“Gulliver’s Travels,Automation,and the Reckoning Author”,p. 71．
- (6)Jonathan Swift,Gulliver’s Travels,p. 172.